Saturday, December 28, 2019
Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Revelation
Southern gothic is a type of literature that focuses on the harsh conflicts of violence and racism, which is observed in the perspective of black and white individuals. Some of the most familiar southern authors are William Faulkner, Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connor, and Cormac McCarthy. One author in particular, Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connor, is a remarkable author, who directly reflects upon southern grotesque within her two short stories, ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Revelation.â⬠These two short stories are very similar to each other, which is why I believe that Oââ¬â¢Connor often writes with violent characters to expose real violence in the world while tying them in with a particular spiritual insight. The first short story that Oââ¬â¢Connor refers to withâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The grandmother feels that God provides the answer to any underlying problems, and the Misfit knows and feels that all of the horrible things he has done are truly not conside red morally wrong from his perspective. Towards the end, when the grandmother experienced an epiphany before the Misfit shot her in the chest she stated, ââ¬Å"Why youââ¬â¢re one of my babies. Youââ¬â¢re one of my own childrenâ⬠(11). This made the grandmother realize that she was expressing the true Christian belief that we are all seen as equal in the eyes of God, no matter how murderous someone may be. Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s use of spiritual insight stripped away the grandmothers self-centeredness, and helped her discover the ability to see others with compassion and understanding. Nonetheless, within ââ¬Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ⬠Oââ¬â¢Connor provides great amount of spiritual insight in her short stories mainly as a way to connect her characters with God and to make them recognize the true meaning of individual equality. The concept of judging other individuals based on their looks and class status is a reflection seen within Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connor ââ¬â¢s short story called ââ¬Å"Revelation.â⬠In this story Oââ¬â¢Connor illustrates a women who is extremely arrogant, and believes that she is superior to others because of her white skin and wealth. ThisShow MoreRelatedFlannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short stories ââ¬Å"A good man is hard to findâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Revelationâ⬠share many700 Words à |à 3 PagesFlannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short stories ââ¬Å"A good man is hard to findâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Revelationâ⬠share many similarities. While ââ¬Å"A good man is hard to findâ⬠is about a family that goes on a vacation that ultimately results in all of their deaths. ââ¬Å"Revelationâ⬠is about a woman who is very judgmental and looks down on people. In the end both characters have revelations that contrast with who they are and how they portray themselves to the world. The protagonist in ââ¬ËRevelationâ⬠is Mrs. Turpin, and she depictsRead More Violence Leading To Redemption In Flannery OConnors Literature1482 Words à |à 6 PagesViolence Leading to Redemption in Flannery OConnors Literature Flannery OConnor uses many of the same elements in almost all of her short stories. I will analyze her use of violence leading to the main character experiencing moral redemption. The use of redemption comes from the religious background of Flannery OConnor. Violence in her stories is used as a means of revelation to the main characters inner self. The literature of Flannery OConnor appears to be unbelievably harsh and violentRead More Flannery OConnor: A Twentieth Century Fiction Writer Essay829 Words à |à 4 Pageswritten about Flannery OConnors short stories and novels. There is a significant amount critical analysis about Flannery OConnor because she used so many styles that have not been used before. Flannery OConnor ranks among he most important American fiction writers of the twentieth century. Flannery OConnor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia, and lived there until her family moved in 1938. OConnor and her family moved to a small Georgia farming town named Milledgeville. When Flannery was 15 yearsRead MoreOââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s Use of Dynamic Grace979 Words à |à 4 PagesThroughout many of Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short stories, a theme of religion and morality can be easily found. Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s stories explore a notion of struggles between her storyââ¬â¢s main characters and their sacrilegious faults; these characters are typically depicted with the fatal-flaw of a superiority complex. This is of course, ironic due to the fact that many of these characters believe themselves to be pious Christians and though this entails that they should not retain a judgmental nature, they do so anywaysRead MoreFlannery Oââ¬â¢connorââ¬â¢s Use of Symbolism, Theme, and Religion1057 Words à |à 5 PagesFlannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s Use of Symbolism, Theme, and Religion In this essay I will be covering the similarities, differences, and uniqueness of theme in three of Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short stories. The stories I will be discussing are A Good Man is Hard to Find, Revelation, and Good Country People. Oââ¬â¢Connor was considered to be a type of religious propaganda. At least one character in her stories had a name or behavior that reflected religion. Her stories most often had an aggressive twist to them.Read More Comparing Pride in A Good Man is Hard to Find, Good Country People and Revelation989 Words à |à 4 PagesPride in A Good Man is Hard to Find, Good Country People and Revelation à Pride is a very relevant issue in almost everyones lives. Only when a person is forced to face his pride can he begin to overcome it. Through the similar themes of her short stories, Flannery OConnor attempts to make her characters realize their pride and overcome it. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, the grandmother is a typical Southern lady. This constant effort to present herself a Southern lady is where herRead MoreExploring Characters and Themes in A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor1273 Words à |à 6 Pages Exploring Characters in A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery OConnor once said of her writing, All my stories are about the action of grace on a character that is not very willing to support it, but most people think of these stories as hard, hopeless and brutal. This statement is especially true when matched with OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find, in which character plays such an essential role within the story. Through her characters, particularly the Grandmother and the MisfitRead More Flannery OConnor and William Faulkners Characters and Morality948 Words à |à 4 PagesFlannery OConnor and William Faulkners Characters and Morality Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connor and William Faulkner refuse to surrender to the temptation of writing fanciful stories where the hero defeats the villain and everyone lives happily ever after. Instead, these two writers reveal realistic portrayals of death and the downfall of man. Remarkably, Oââ¬â¢Connor and Faulknerââ¬â¢s most emotionally degraded characters fail to believe that an omnipotent deity controls their fate. This belief directly correlatesRead MoreEssay about Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s Works: An In-Depth Analysis2157 Words à |à 9 Pagesstories. Usually these events create a base for which the author writes upon thus contributing to the authorââ¬â¢s exceptional way of thinking. For example, author Terry Teachout says that ââ¬Å"OConnors religious beliefs were central to her artâ⬠(Teachout 56). Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s religion played a crucial role in her writings. Flannery OConnor is regarded one of the major brief tale authors in United States literary p erforms. Among the thing that makes her work stand out to date is the boldness in her writing inRead MoreEssay on A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery Oconnor1150 Words à |à 5 Pagesmany of Flannery Oââ¬â¢Connorââ¬â¢s short stories. In many of her short stories, Oââ¬â¢Connor exposes the dark side of human nature and implements violent and brutal elements in order to emphasize her religious viewpoints. In the short stores ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Findâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Revelationâ⬠, Oââ¬â¢Connor explicitly depicts this violence to highlight the presence and action of holy grace that is given to a protagonist who exudes hypocritical qualities. During the family trip in ââ¬Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Findâ⬠to Georgia
Friday, December 20, 2019
Applying The Woman Question The Case Of An African...
APPLYING ââ¬Å"THE WOMAN QUESTIONâ⬠TO ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS: THE CASE OF AN AFRICAN NIGERIAN WOMAN (Short Presentation and Summary) à ¬Ã ¬Ã ¬Ã ¬BY: UCHENNA IJOMA This brief paper examines my application of the feminist research methodology to my future research. My research topic is centred on what role law has to play to balance the interest between the environmental hazards affecting the Climate and satisfying the basic energy need of poor women living in the rural area of Nigeria who depends solely on the crudest form of Biomass ââ¬Å"Firewood, charcoal, animal dung and agricultural by-productsâ⬠for the purposes of domestic and commercial cooking activities and, which continuous use amounts to deforestation, desertification.â⬠In this context, SD means improving the quality of life of human beings (includes women) and the community in which they live in for as long as the world exist. In view of these definitions, the aims of this paper are to: reveal how best the feminist approach can be applied to my above research, consider the pros and cons of applying the said methodology to my proposed area of research and its possibili ty of affecting my originally intended methodology. The feminist theory began out of a general movement to empower all women. In 1960, the modern contemporary feminist movement began. According to Steven Vago and Addie Nelson in their book Law and Societyâ⬠they considered the three ââ¬Å"themesâ⬠although not ââ¬Å"mutually exclusiveâ⬠this themes may be reflected inShow MoreRelatedThe Current State Of Sharia Law2741 Words à |à 11 Pagesthat can possibly regress Africa of its much needed development in socio-ethnic terms, and economic development terms. Within this commentary, the effects of sharia law will be spoken about in order to show its current state and condition on the African Continent. 2nd section): A major component of the corruption in Africa, specifically in Nigeria, is the state of how naive the government is in that region. Many have heard of the modern-day saying of how countries will not negotiate with terroristsRead MoreThe Determinants of Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: A Recommendation for Local Non Governmental Organizations2810 Words à |à 12 Pageshighest amount in the Temne and lowest amount in the minority group of Christian Krio.(MICS 2011)â â The procedure often occurs without local anesthesia and under non-sterile conditions. A wide range of complications can occur, reported in 84.5% of cases, including excessive pain, bleeding, shock, urine retention, septicaemia, infertility, obstructed labor, HIV and hepatitis B infection and even death. Also psycho-sexual problems are reported.( Bjà ¤lkander, Bangura, et al. 2012; MICS 2011) BecauseRead MorePresumptions in the Nigerian Evidence Law7171 Words à |à 29 Pagesview that the modern classification of presumptions now excludes irrebuttable presumption of law and presumption of facts. The researcher respectfully disagrees with this ââ¬Ëmodern classificationââ¬â¢ for the following reasons: a. Although slight in some cases, there are still differences amongst the various types of presumptions based on the orthodox classification. b. Undeniably, irrebuttable presumptions , being mandatory have a significant role in the adjudicatory process in litigation and can upsetRead MoreBiblical Models of Servant Leadership13223 Words à |à 53 Pageslearned that lesson from failure â⬠¦ more often than not, Godââ¬â¢s leadership candidates are aghast at their selection. They look with chagrin at the assignment before them. They can hardly believe their ears when God says, ââ¬ËYou are the manââ¬â¢; or ââ¬Ëyou are the woman.ââ¬â¢[7] This came out clearly in Mosesââ¬â¢ response when God confronted him with the leadership role he had to provide for the redemption of the Hebrews from Egyptian domination and enslavement (Exodus 3; 4). This is characteristic of godly servant leadersRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words à |à 518 Pagesof a typescript Ibo-English dictionary, edited by T.J. Dennis, are in existence (one is in the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London). The material is stated in the introduction to be mostly from Onitsha and its neighbourhood; it was collected by ââ¬ËMiss Warner and other Missionaries 2 Reviewed by M.M. Green in Journal of African Languages 8:48-50 (1969) 3 Some wordlists, however, reached a considerable length, notably that by Norris (1841) iv Igbo Dictionary:Read More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words à |à 190 PagesJohn Richard Craig Ellis Irfhan Rawji Thomson Nguy Anonymous Jordan Burton 150 152 154 157 159 161 163 165 Vii. ethical issUes Anonymous PaulYeh Rye Barcott Anonymous Adam Heltzer Anonymous Anonymous 171 174 177 180 183 186 189 Viii. other QUestion Nathan Dutzmann Anonymous David Zhang John Schmit 197 200 203 206 vii Contents Jaime Arreola Anonymous Ally Ip Anonymous Anonymous Cabin Kim 209 212 215 218 220 222 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The motivation to create the second editionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 PagesUnderstanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Case Study of Retail Food Group-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com
Questions: 1.Identify key news reports which capture the major issues and developments and write a brief report of what has happened and what are those issues? Do not make any judgments (especially not about the people involved) but do show an understanding of what has occurred and why it is legally significant. 2.Which regulatory authority(ies) in your view might be involved in any possible investigation and why? 3.What are some of the possible remedies open in this situation for issues of this kind? Answers: 1.It has been seen in the case study that Retail Food Group may soon be subjected to a class action from its shareholders with respect to allegations regarding misleading investors towards the effects of the business model of the company to store owners. The class action may be covered by any shareholder who has purchased the shares of the company between 2nd June 2015 and 28 February 2017. There is a belief that when an announcement has been made on 2nd June 2015 the company knowledge or had reasons to know that the business model proposed by them would exploit the franchises. In addition there were also a few actions which the company had indulged into since the announcement had been made, which would have surely had an impact on the franchises and was a kind of information which would material affect the share price of the company and was not available to the public. Under the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) it is a requirement of a listed company with the ASX under the provisions of s ection 728 to ensure that no omission is made or any misstatement has been included in the prospects document. In addition to this provision under the provisions of section 674 it is the obligation of the organisation to continuously disclose any situation which would have had an effect on the price of its shares according to a reasonable person and is not generally available to the public. There has been a significant decline in the share price of the company as reports had been provided by Fairfax media that the company was involved in a secret deal with one of its former directors Alicia Atkinson. In this situation also although nothing has been specifically alleged there can be breach of duties by the directors under section 181 which provides that the directors of a company have to act in good faith and for the best interest of the company. It has been further identified that this deal with the company of which former director has not been disclosed in the Annual report of the company since the last 4 years. This situation may also lead to the breach of disclosure obligations of a listed organisation. It has been further seen that because of this situation the company has suffered significant losses and it had to close about 200 stores and reported a loss of $87.8 million in the first half of 2018. The deal with the former directors company known as Exit 57 had been highlighted only when the latter collapsed financially last year (Danckert, 2018). Where a loss to the company or shareholders has been identified due to the breach of duties by the directors the corporate veil of the company may be lifted and the directors may be personally liable with respect to the losses which have been incurred by the shareholders of the company. In this situation it has been seen that the share price of the company has significantly declined and as a result substantial losses have been incurred by the shareholders who invested in the shares of the company. In case it is proved that the directors of the company have violated any duty which was imposed on them by law in relation to the company they may be liable for any losses with the shareholders have borne in relation to the fall in share price of the company. 2.The matters which have been discussed above are primarily related to corporation law. The organisation which investigates into such matters in Australia is known as the Australian Securities and Investment Commission. This is an independent regulatory body which had been brought to existence through the provisions of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act 2001. Another organisation which may be concerned in relation to the situation is the Australian Securities Exchange. The Australian Securities Exchange imposes corporate governance principles for organisations which are listed with it in Australia (Lipton, Herzberg Welsh, 2018). Any company which does not follow the corporate governance issues provided by the Australian securities exchange has to give a written notice to the organisation that why are they not adopting the rules laid down by the ASX. The ASIC is an independent government body in Australia which acts as the countrys primary corporate regulator. Th e primary purpose of this body is to regulate and impose financial and company services law to protect Australian creditors, investors and consumers. The body had been established on 1st July 1998 and its scope and authority had been determined to the above identified legislation. The body directly reports to the treasurer and is responsible for the purpose of Administrative all parts of the Corporation Act 2001. The key areas of responsibility of this body include financial services, corporate governance, derivatives and securities, Consumer Protection, financial literacy and insurance. The organisation has been involved in punishing various operations which have been found to have violated the provisions of the Corporation Act. In the given situation it is the role of the body to make investigation into the matter that weather the provisions of section 728, 674 and directors duties have been violated in the above discuss situation or not. In case it is found that any members of the members of the food retail group have not complied with the provisions of the Corporation Act the body has the authority to initiate proceedings against the organisation and its directors in the court of law (Fitzpatrick et al., 2017). The vision of the ASIC is to ensure economic growth by making provisions for the markets to be able to fund the economy. In relation to its funcstions and the purpose of contributing to the financial well being of Australians the organisation promotes the confidence and trust of the consumers and investors. It also ensures efficient and fair markets and provides appropriate registration services. The functions of the body include facilitating improving and maintaining the functioning of the financial systems and the organisations which operate within it. It also operates to enhance informed and confident participation by consumers and investors in the financial system. The organisation also enforces and provides effect to the law and tries to effectively administrate legal requirements by involving low level of procedural needs. Therefore in order to comply with its functions it is the duty of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission to investigate into the above discussed matter (Graw et al., 2015). 3.Several beaches of Corporation law as provided by the Corporation Act 2001 which has been identified in the first section of this paper mane have been potentially made by the organisation and its directors. These breaches include section 728 to ensure that no omission is made or any misstatement has been included in the prospects document. Section 674 where it is the obligation of the organisation to continuously disclose any situation which would have had an effect on the price of its shares according to a reasonable person and is not generally available to the public may also be violated. Provisions of duties of directors under the provisions of 180-183 which includes due diligence and care, to act in good faith and proper purpose, not to misuse position and not to misuse information have been violate. In the given situation for civil and criminal sanctions are both applicable in relation to the allegations in case they have actually been made. It has been provided by the provisi ons of section 1317 E of the Corporation Act that where the directors have violated the duties imposed on them by the Act they may be liable under the provisions of civil penalty and in relation to such provisions may have to pay a pecuniary penalty and may also be barred in the future from managing a company within Australia. The provisions for barring a director from managing operation in Australia are provided under section 206C of the Act. The court has the right to decide in this situation that to how much time the suspension of the directors has to be done with respect to the circumstances in which the violation of duty have been made by them. In addition it has been provided through the provisions of section 1317S that where the breach of directors duties have led to losses incurred by the shareholders directors may be personally liable to compensate for such losses. One of the primary cases in Australia where the same kind of situation was seen is the case of Australian Secu rities and Investment Commission v Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (in liq) [2016] FC. In this case also the ASIC was able to make a successful claim against the company who had made a statements and omissions in a prospectus document and had misled the public in relation to material information which may have had a considerable effect on the share price of the company if they would have been this close to the public. The court suspended the wrongdoing direct from managing corporations in the country for 20 years. References Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Danckert, S. (2018). Troubled Retail Food Group faces potential class action. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2018, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/troubled-retail-food-group-faces-potential-class-action-20180306-p4z32w.html Fitzpatrick, Symes, Veljanovski, Parker (2017), Business and Corporations Law; LexisNexis 3rd edition Graw, Parker, Whitford, Sangkuhl and Do (2015), Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths. Lipton, P., and Herzberg, A., Welsh, M, (2018) Understanding Company Law, 18 edition Thomson Reuters. Our role | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. (2018). Asic.gov.au. Retrieved 21 April 2018, from https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/what-we-do/our-role/
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Smoking Interventions Review for Tobacco - myassignmenthelp.com
Question: Discuss about theSmoking Interventions Review for Tobacco. Answer: Introduction Tobacco smoking has been a major public health problem; its prevalence has been increasing daily globally. In UK smoking rates have been increasing over the years despite the government policies and initiatives like the implementation of plain packaging legislation with key objective of reducing smoking and other relevant government legislations, have yielded lower impact, (Tobacco ACT,.2011). According to ASH organization UK (2017), smoking among the adults 1 in 5 adults are smokers of this 19% of men and 15 % are women. Approximately there are 9.1 million smokers in UK. Although smoking rates have been halved since 1974 at the rates of 51 % for men and 41 % for women, prevalence is still significant among the young people. Prevalence of the young aged 25-34 was found to be 24 years and it is lower in the age group of above 60. Surveys have shown that a good proportion of smokers would like to initiate change to stop smoking but are not able to do so, it is estimate that 30%-40% att empt to quit smoking every year. Among the young people, two thirds of them start smoking before age 14 years, of this between one third and one half are likely to take up smoking to adulthood, (Jamrozik, 2005). Government initiatives have bored fewer benefits in that huge amounts of resources have been put on mass media campaigns but smaller effect has been felt among the younger generation. This review will analyse literature to determine effective interventions which are more effective in preventive the increasing prevalence of smoking among the young people in UK. Methods of Literature Review The search of literature was conducted based on the research problem under study , it was done using the online based databases namely Medline, and Google scholar. The inclusion criteria for studies was based on the year of publication in this cases not more than 10 years old and the studies conducted followed randomised control design only. Exclusion criteria was those articles that were following different methodological approach and nor focusing on smoking intervention programs. The search terms for the review will be ; randomised control studies AND smoking prevalence OR smoking interventions studies AND smoking programs for the young. Further study criteria were studies done in English and those involving humans The data quality of the articles will be based on the validity of answering the hypothesis proposed in the introductory section with an aimed of getting the right type of data needed for evaluation of effective intervention. The comprehensive literature review was guided by the Cochrane. The search yielded 17 articles of which 10 articles were selected which met the review criteria in terms of the content ii had. Results Basic characteristics of the studies found. Authors, year, study design Stopped smoking (n) Continued smoking (n) RR (95% CIs) %/ RR) M-H weight Campbell et al, 2008, RCT 9 6 - 60% 47.3 An Lawrence et al, 2008, RCT 105 152 P0.001 41% Ybarra et al, 2013 39 62 OR 3.33 CI 1.48, 7.45 Campbell et al, 2008 87566 3561 1.01 OR 0.75 Jayakrishnanaet al, 2009 50% both samples 50% 1.85 Eades et al., 2012 Similar Similar P=0.212 0.93 Marley et al., 2013 6 49 P=0.131 Powell et al., 2016 Similar outcomes Similar Outcomes Burford, 2012 22 58 P=0.005 Pechmann et al, 2016 26 14 P=0.17 OR 2.67 Summary of studies reporting smoking interventions which have been undertaken Source Type of study Study population Sample Size Intervention Comparator Length of follow-up Quit Intention Key findings Comments Whittaker et al, 2008 RCT The indigenous population of New Zealand 180 Multimedia mobile based intervention Observation learning 4 weeks Intending to quit Mobile based intervention is feasible for smoking cessation Sample dont representative of adult population in New Zealnd. An Lawrence et al, 2008, RCT College smokers at the University of Minnesota 500 Cessation messages and peer email support None 30 weeks Providing personalized smoking cessation messages increased 30-day abstinence by 41 % compared to control 23 % Sample representative of population Ybarra et al, 2013 Randomised Controlled Trial Members of public responding - Youth 164 Text messagingbased smoking cessation program Improving sleep and physical activity 30 days SMS USA program affected smoking cessation rates at 4 weeks postquit identified profiles of users for whom the program may be particularly beneficial also will be important. Recruitment limited Campbell et al, 2008 Prospective Cohort Students aged 1213 years in 59 schools in England and Wales. 10,730 Effectiveness of a peer-led intervention that aimed to prevent smoking uptake in secondary schools. Training activity 2 years Mixed intentions The ASSIST intervention could lead to a reduction in adolescent smoking prevalence of public-health importance Adequate representation of population Jayakrishnanaet al, 2009 RCT Smoking resident males in the age group 18-60 years from four community development blocks in rural Kerala Effectiveness of a cessation intervention in rural Kerala state, India Mix of activities 12 months Smoke cessation intention Various approaches for smoking cessation programmes can enhance quit rates in smoking in rural areas of India. Adaptable study and applicable to be utilised Marley et al., 2013 RCT Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 163 Efficacy of a locally-tailored, intensive, multidimensional smoking cessation program Type of care applied 12 months Intentions evident Cultural based interventions if successful implemented can initiate smoke cessation Justifiable and applicable approach to many community set ups Eades et al., 2012 RCT 303 Determining the effectiveness of an intensive quit-smoking intervention on smoking rates at 36weeks gestation among pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Intensive quit-smoking intervention was no more effective than usual care in assisting pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women to quit smoking during pregnancy Powell et al., 2016 RCT Eligible smokers from two English regions entered into the trial and given access to their allocated website Feasibility of a randomized trial assessing the effects of a novel, experience-based website as a smoking cessation intervention None 2 weeks Online sharing of information was a feasible tool in the sharing experiences smoking patients Had slower rate of recruiting samples Pechmann et al, 2016 RCT Participant who used Facebook daily, texted weekly, and had mobile phones with unlimited texting. 160 novel Twitter-delivered intervention for smoking cessation for online based social sites None 7 days Sustained quit sustenance weet2 Quit was engaging and doubled sustained abstinence. Its low cost and scalability makes it viable as a global cessation treatment Applicable technology for smoke cessation and a cost effective approach Burford, 2012 RCT Young smokers, aged 18 30 years who randomly entered the pharmacy digital ageing intervention to promote smoking cessation among young adult smokers within a community pharmacy setting Quit attempts 6 month follow-up Positive attempts to quit Providing a link between the intervention on personalised level is an effective tool to imitate motivation to persuade to quit. Multi sectoail approach is an effective tool Discussion Based from the literature review, the best intervention to counteract the influence of smoking among the youth is by the use of community based interventions for promoting cessation of smoking as advocated in Jaykrishnan study of 2013. In this random control study, different approaches was utilised in achieving the outcome. Approaches which are applicable are the use of facial interviews and telephone counselling and providing the young youth in UK with pamphlets with education content on smoking. It is with evidence of the study that 41.3 % and 13.6% in the control group had reduced smoking in the period of 12 months. At a confidence level of 95% with P- Value of 1.05 and odds ratio of 3.25, the intervention can be applied to the general population and achieve significant results. Implications of the Intervention The intervention selected is that it demands for heavy supply and of human resource who are dedicated in following up the subjects and guiding them throughout the process of change. The close contact of the patients with the health care practitioners is essential and an important parameter in initiating change among the young smokers in UK.. the role of public health officers will be crucial in enrolling this intervention. References An, L. C., Klatt, C., Perry, C. L., Lein, E. B., Hennrikus, D. J., Pallonen, U. E., ... Ehlinger, E. P. (2008). The RealU online cessation intervention for college smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Preventive medicine, 47(2), 194-199. Ash Fact Sheet. Accessed online 20/05/2017.https://ash.org.uk/category/information-and-resources/fact-sheets/ Burford, O. J. (2012). Delivering a personalised smoking cessation intervention by community pharmacists in Western Australia: a randomised controlled trial (Doctoral dissertation). Campbell, R., Starkey, F., Holliday, J., Audrey, S., Bloor, M., Parry-Langdon, N., ... Moore, L. (2008). An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet, 371(9624), 1595-1602. Eades, S. J., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., Wenitong, M., Panaretto, K., D'Este, C., Gilligan, C., Stewart, J. (2012). An intensive smoking intervention for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: a randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia, 197(1), 42. Jamrozik, K. (2005). Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults: database analysis. bmj, 330(7495), 812. Jayakrishnan, R., Uutela, A., Mathew, A., Auvinen, A., Mathew, P. S., Sebastian, P. (2013). Smoking cessation intervention in rural Kerala, India: findings of a randomised controlled trial. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(11), 6797-6802. Marley, J. V., Atkinson, D., Kitaura, T., Nelson, C., Gray, D., Metcalf, S., Maguire, G. P. (2014). The Be Our Ally Beat Smoking (BOABS) study, a randomised controlled trial of an intensive smoking cessation intervention in a remote aboriginal Australian health care setting. BMC public health, 14(1), 32. Pechmann, C., Delucchi, K., Lakon, C. M., Prochaska, J. J. (2016). Randomised controlled trial evaluation of Tweet2Quit: a social network quit-smoking intervention. Tobacco control, tobaccocontrol-2015. Powell, J., Newhouse, N., Martin, A., Jawad, S., Yu, L. M., Davoudianfar, M., ... Ziebland, S. (2016). A novel experience-based internet intervention for smoking cessation: feasibility randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1156. Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011, No. 148, 2011, An Act to discourage the use of tobacco products, and for related purposes. Whittaker, R., Maddison, R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Denny, S., Dorey, E., ... Rodgers, A. (2008). A multimedia mobile phonebased youth smoking cessation intervention: findings from content development and piloting studies. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10(5), e49. Ybarra, M. L., Holtrop, J. S., Prescott, T. L., Rahbar, M. H., Strong, D. (2013). Pilot RCT results of stop my smoking USA: a text messagingbased smoking cessation program for young adults. nicotine tobacco research, 15(8), 1388-1399.
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